Normal flow of sperm and urine

Sperm are made in the testicles. Sperm travel from the testicles through the epididymis. They flow into a tube called the vas deferens. During ejaculation, sperm pass from the vas deferens through the urethra out of the body. During urination, urine flows from the bladder through the urethra out of the body.

How the problem starts

The problem is thought to be caused by bacteria. If bacteria get into the urethra, they may cause an infection. Infection can then travel up the urethra into the epididymis. This leads to inflammation. Pain and swelling can then spread to the testicle. This is called orchitis. In rare cases, orchitis can be from an infection with the mumps virus. There are 2 kinds of inflammation:

• Acute inflammation comes on quickly. Symptoms may include:

  • Pain and swelling in the scrotum

  • Frequent urge to urinate

  • Discharge from the penis

  • Pain during ejaculation

  • Fever

• Chronic inflammation is most often the late phase of an acute infection. Symptoms may include:

  • An ache or dull pain in the scrotum, which may spread to the groin

  • A heavy feeling in the scrotum